In pursuit of China′s Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality goals, solid oxide cells have emerged as key technologies for green hydrogen production and efficient power generation, due to their superior energy conversion efficiency and reversible operation capability. However, severe thermomechanical coupling during high-temperature operation causes localized Joule heating, distorted thermal fields, and accelerated degradation. Current multiphysics characterization methods for temperature and stress are constrained by the instability of sensor materials at high temperatures, leading to inadequate spatial resolution and dynamic response for accurate internal monitoring. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in temperature and stress measurement techniques for SOCs, comparing four core methods: Thermocouples are cost-effective with fast response yet prone to thermal drift; optical fiber sensing enables distributed measurement with electromagnetic immunity but suffers from limited reliability under extreme conditions; infrared thermography offers non-contact surface temperature mapping yet depends on emissivity and cannot probe internal temperatures; high-energy radiography allows high-resolution 3D stress reconstruction but requires complex instrumentation and long testing times. To address these limitations, we propose a multimodal sensing strategy integrating multiple transducers to enhance spatial resolution and thermal resilience, along with a non-destructive strain measurement approach combining high-energy radiography with digital image correlation to overcome dynamic response constraints. This work provides precise metrological support for thermal management optimization and structural reliability in SOC stacks, facilitating the development of safe, efficient, and low-carbon energy systems.