In view of the large-scale sensor data collection and extremely high time synchronization accuracy requirements in flight tests and aero-engine tests, this paper designs and implements a synchronous acquisition system based on networked sensors. The system utilizes a bus-based network architecture, integrating a unified trigger mechanism within nodes based on a shared clock with high-precision time synchronization across nodes based on IEEE 1588. This enables multi-level, high-precision data synchronization. By integrating an enhanced time synchronization algorithm based on IEEE 1588 into the bus-based network, nanosecond-level synchronization accuracy is achieved across the entire network. Combined with the enhanced time synchronization algorithm, nanosecond-level synchronization accuracy is achieved across the entire network. Through OMNeT++ simulation and FPGA hardware test verification, the results show that the scheme still has excellent synchronous acquisition performance in large-scale distributed sensor networks, and can meet the stringent requirements for microsecond-level synchronous acquisition in flight tests. This study provides a theoretical basis and a practical path for constructing a highly reliable, multilevel large-scale sensing system.