To better meet the diverse needs of industrial production and automation control, and to address the limitations of poor portability and limited functionality in existing general-purpose data acquisition systems, this paper presents the design and implementation of a multifunctional USB data acquisition system based on the STM32F723ZET6 microcontroller. Through the USB interface, the system can be controlled via host computer software to perform 16-channel analog-to-digital conversion data acquisition, dual-channel digital-to-analog conversion output and PWM signal detection and generation. Meanwhile, the acquired or output data is displayed in real-time on the host computer. Practical measurements indicate that the system can achieve a maximum analog input sampling rate and analog output update rate of 1 MS/s. Additionally, the system can detect and generate signal with a frequency up to 1 MHz and a minimum duty cycle of 1%, which ensuring high precision signal sampling and reliable data transmission. This system offers high portability, cost-effectiveness, comprehensive functionality, and meets the requirements of practical applications.