In the field of aeroengine health monitoring, traditional wired sensing systems have problems such as complexity in cabling, poor flexibility, and high maintenance costs. To solve these problems, this paper presents a design and implementation of a self-powered high-frequency vibration signal wireless sensing system targeted for aircraft engines. The system is divided into two main parts: the wireless sensing system and the self-powered system. The wireless sensing system converts vibration signals into analog electrical signals. An ESP32-S2 chip is used as the microcontroller of the wireless sensor node. The embedded Wi-Fi module transmit the signals to a host computer. Finally, the received signals are analyzed and shown on the host computer. Experimental results demonstrate that the system has a sampling rate of 250 ksps, and the system has a transmission amplitude error rate within 3.8% and a frequency error rate within 1.5%. The self-powered device harnesses waste heat from the tailpipe of the aeroengine to generate electricity, consisting of a thermoelectric power generation module and an energy harvesting circuit. The thermoelectric power generation module measures temperatures and adjusts the distance between the thermoelectric modules and the tailpipe to maintain output power at a high level without risk of overheated damage. The energy harvesting circuit employs the BQ25504 chip to harvest the power and store the extra energy in a rechargeable battery. The self-powered device can generate approximately 40 mW of power, which exceeds the system′s power consumption of 26.42 mW, thus enabling self-sustained operation of the whole system.