A Harris Hawk optimization algorithm combined with controllable response power is proposed to address the issue of low accuracy in seismic source localization in special and complex media such as shallow underground layers, which is improved through multiple strategies. Firstly, the initial population is optimized using the Logistic chaos model, while introducing nonlinear escape energy and adaptive adjustment of weight factors to improve the convergence accuracy and speed of the algorithm. Then, the energy information in the seismic source area is constructed using the SRP positioning model. Finally, the precise localization of the seismic source is achieved through simulation verification. The simulation results show that compared with traditional HHO, HUHHO, and MGTO algorithms, the MHHO algorithm has significant improvements in particle search range, convergence speed, and positioning accuracy. The ball probability error has also been reduced from 0.56 m to 0.23 m. Finally, experimental comparison and verification were conducted, and the experimental results showed that the algorithm proposed in this paper has higher positioning accuracy and good engineering application value in the field of shallow underground positioning.