To achieve accurate temperature measurement in the harsh environment of an explosive temperature field, we designed a temperature data acquisition and storage system. The system uses an FPGA as a microcontroller and armored thermocouples as temperature measurement elements.Its rugged protective structure and stainless steel armor of thermocouple make the system highly survivable in the explosion field. The system has a parameter programmable and multi-triggerable design, making it flexible and reliable. To address the problem of insufficient dynamic response of the thermocouples, we completed the dynamic compensation filter design using particle swarm algorithms and integrated it into the upper computer software. The experimental results show that the system has an average static error of 1.43% and a dynamic error that does not exceed 6.4%.