With the deepening reliance of the socio-economy on electricity, the threat posed by extreme weather events to power system stability has become increasingly prominent. Consequently, conducting research on power system resilience assessment holds significant practical value. This study aims to construct a resilience assessment framework for power systems that accounts for the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme weather. First, an extreme weather model incorporating spatio-temporal characteristics is developed, where the typhoon model is dynamically corrected based on historical typhoon data and real-time geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude). Second, considering factors such as power system topology, operational status and disaster response capabilities, three comprehensive indicators are proposed to evaluate the system′s resilience level across three phases: pre-disaster prediction, disaster-time endurance and post-disaster recovery. Furthermore, stochastic modeling is performed using 15 years of measured typhoon data. The IEEE RTS-79 bus system is utilized for simulation to derive resilience baseline values. From the perspective of engineering practice, three resilience enhancement strategies—increasing standby capacity, implementing load transfer and improving maintenance efficiency—are proposed and verified. This assessment framework not only reveals vulnerabilities in power systems during disaster response but also provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for enhancing power system resilience, which is of great significance for ensuring national energy security and maintaining socio-economic order.