In response to the demand for high-bandwidth short-range signal transmission of multi-physical parameters in turbomachinery under conditions of high rotational speed, significant axial movement, and spatial constraints, this paper proposes a design approach using a 900 MHz/2.4 GHz dual-band circumferentially distributed transmitting antenna array and a ring-shaped receiving antenna. Independent and coupled solution models for the receiving antenna and transmitting antenna array were established. A transmission reliability evaluation method for rotational and varying-distance conditions was proposed. By analyzing the impact of microstrip line width and dielectric constant on antenna performance, the method thereby confines frequency deviations within the operational band. Simulation and experimental results show strong agreement: The 900 MHz transmitting antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 10 MHz, the 2.4 GHz antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of not less than 90 MHz, and the receiving antenna′s impedance bandwidth fully covers the frequency range from 900 MHz to 2.4 GHz. When the relative rotational speed does not exceed 11 000 rpm and the spacing remains within 7±4 mm, stable and reliable transmission of turbomachinery parameters can be achieved.