Rigid ceramic thermal insulation tiles, as critical components of thermal protection systems in aerospace vehicles, have been extensively utilized in high-temperature parts such as windward surfaces of aircraft due to their superior properties including exceptional high-temperature resistance, low thermal conductivity, and excellent chemical stability. During the manufacturing, installation and service phases, surface, internal and bonding defects may occur due to the influence of fatigue and external impact loads, which can severely compromise their thermal protection performance and even endanger the safety of aerospace vehicles. Therefore, the reliable and effective non-destructive testing of the insulation tiles is critical to ensuring structural stability, reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing the safety and service life of aerospace vehicles. This paper reviews recent research advances in non-destructive testing technologies. The X-ray, ultrasonic, infrared thermal imaging, structured light and Terahertz testing technologies are summarized respectively, and the technical characteristics and application of each method are discussed, aiming to provide technical support for the development of non-destructive testing in spacecraft thermal protection structures.