This paper designs and implements a high-speed image acquisition and storage system based on FPGA, aiming to address the performance bottlenecks in high-speed image data acquisition and storage. The system receives high-speed image data through the Camera Link interface and utilizes an FPGA-implemented SATA protocol controller to efficiently and stably store the data on SATA hard drives. The image acquisition module employs Xilinx FPGA’s built-in LVDS transceivers and specific primitives(such as IDELAYE3 and ISERDESE3) to directly process the Camera Link protocol, replacing traditional dedicated chips. A lightweight file system is designed within the MicroBlaze for configuring the SATA controller and controlling data flow. By integrating an ethernet module, the system can export data to a host computer in real-time. A C# host software was developed, providing a visualized file system interface for managing and monitoring disk and file operations.Experimental results show that the SATA controller achieves write speeds of up to 504.8 MB/s and read speeds of up to 542.0 MB/s. At a 400 MB/s data acquisition rate, the system demonstrates excellent performance and reliability, making it suitable for high-performance image acquisition and storage applications.