To mitigate measurement errors induced by spectral leakage and the fence effect during harmonic and interharmonic detection, and to address the challenges associated with data transmission and storage, a novel method for harmonic and interharmonic detection based on Nuttall window compressed sensing and interpolation technology is proposed in this paper. Additionally, an experimental platform for harmonic detection is established. Initially, the four-term third-order Nuttall window is integrated into the compressed sensing sampling process to achieve windowed compressed sampling of the signal. Subsequently, the sparsity adaptive matching pursuit algorithm is employed to reconstruct and estimate the sparse vector obtained from compressed sampling, and the three-spectrum-line interpolation technique is applied to correct and derive the signal parameter detection results. Finally, an experimental platform is constructed to validate the theoretical correctness and practical feasibility of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves maximum relative errors of -0.008%, -0.42%, and 1.37% for frequency, amplitude, and phase, respectively, at a compression ratio of 50%, enabling accurate measurement of harmonic and interharmonic characteristic parameters while significantly alleviating the data processing burden. In hardware experiments, the maximum absolute errors for frequency and amplitude measurements of harmonic signals are found to be 0.026 1 Hz and 0.080 5 V, respectively, confirming the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.