The data transmission scheme and interface circuit for towed seismic exploration instrument are introduced in this paper. The STM32F103ZET are used as the core processor in the circuit system, which is based on TCP/IP protocols. According to the requirement of high speed and reliability transmission of the measured data in the scheme, the batched packets acknowledge mechanism and the frame recheck mechanism are proposed. The technology of optimization of the number of copies and adaptive congestion control algorithm are improved. Finally, the performance of the system is evaluated and the results show that the improved scheme is running stably and reliably in the real system, the data transmission speed and effectiveness can satisfy the requirement of the towed seismic exploration system well.